PHARAOHS OF EGYPT

Predynastic Kings before 3100 BC

Tiu, King of Lower Egypt

Thesh, King of Lower Egypt

Hsekiu, King of Lower Egypt

Ro, King of Upper Egypt (southern kingdom)

Uaznar, King of Lower Egypt

Dynasty I (c3100-c2890 BC)

Narmer (Narmerza Menes) Founder of Dynasty I and unifier of the northern and southern kingdoms.

Aha

Djer (or Zer Atoti (Athothis))

Za (or Zet  (Kenkenes))

Den Semti or Udy-Mu (Ousaphais)

Enezib Merpeba (Miebis)

Semerkhet Nekht (Semempses)

Qa (or Ka Sen (Bienekhes)

Dynasty II (c2890-c2686 BC)

Hotepsekhemui (Boethos)

Reneb (or Ra-Neb (Kaiekhos))

Neneter (or Neteri-Mu (Binothris))

Peribsen (Otlas) Probably a usurper during a time of civil war.

Senedi (Sethenes)

Neferkere (Nepherkeres)

Neferkesokari (Sesokhris)

Huzefa (Kheneres)

Khasekhemui (Necherophes) Rival and conqueror of Peribsen.

Dynasty III (c2686-c2613 BC) Start of the Old Kingdom.

Sanakht (Tyreis, Mesochris or Soyphis) Founder of Dynasty III.

Ka-Ra

Djoser (or Zoser Tosorthros) A great builder, aided by the extraordinarily able vizier Imhotep, Djoser's reign seems to have been one of progress and prosperity.

Zoserteti (or Zoser-Neterkhet (Tosertasis))

Sekhemkhett

Sezes (Aches)

Khaba (Ka-Ra)

Neferka (Kerpheres)

Huni

Dynasty IV (c2613-c2494 BC)

Snefru (or Sneferu (Snephouris)) Founder of Dynasty IV and builder of the first pyramid. 

Sharu (Soris)

Khufu (Souphis or Cheops) Son of Snefru. Centralized government and reduced the power of the priests. His tomb in the Great Pyramid of Giza.

Redjedef (Dadef-Re) Possibly a usurper.

Khafre (Souphis or Chabryes) Younger son of Khufu.

Menkaure (Mykerinos)

Shepseskaf (Sebercheres)

Sebek-Ka-Re (Thamphthis)

Dynasty V (c2494-c2345 BC)

Userkaf (Ousercheres)

Sahure (Sephres) Warrior king famed for his campaigns in Syria and Libya.

Neferirikere Kakau (Nephercheres)

Neferefre Shepseskere (Sisires)

Khaneferre (Cheres)

Neuserre (Rathoures)

Menkauhor (Mencheres)

Dedkere Isesi (Tancheres)

Unas (or Wenis Onnos)

Dynasty VI (c2345-c2160 BC)

Teti (Othoes)

Userkere

Pepi I (Phios)

Merenre Mehtimsaf I (Methesoufis) Son of Pepi I.

Pepi II (Phiops) Came to the throne in 2294 BC at age 6 he lived to be a centenarian. Known as the world's longest reigning monarch, but his weak rule led to the anarchy of the First Intermediate Period.

Merenre Mehtimsaf II (Menthesouphis)

Neterkere (Nitokris)

Queen Neith-Aqert seems to have reigned in her own right towards the end of Dynasty VI.

Dynasty VII (from c2160) 

Start of the era known as the First Intermediate Period.

70 Kings believed to each have ruled in small parts of Egypt.

Dynasty VIII (from c2160) 

Local dynasty contemporary with Dynasty VII, believed to have counted up to 27 pharaohs.

Dynasty IX (c2160-c2130)

Akhtoy (or Meriebre Ekhtai Achtoes) Nomach (governor) of Upper Egypt, he declared himself king.

Ekhtai II

Dynasty X (from c2130 BC)

Uazkere

Merikare

Dynasty XI (c2130-c1991 BC) 

This dynasty marks beginning of the Middle Kingdom.

Mentuhotep I

Intef I (or Sehertowy Intef)

Intef II

Mentuhotep II  c2060 BC, A warlike king who reunited Egypt.

Sankhare Mentuhotep III

Mentuhotep IV, deposed c1991 BC by his vizier Amenemhet I.

Dynasty XII (c1991-c1786 BC)

Amenemhet I (or Sehetepibre Amonemhat Ammenemes) c1991-c1961 BC when he was assassinated.

Sesostris I (or Senusret I Sesonkhosis) Son of Amenemhet I, c1971-c1926 BC.

Amenemhet II (Ammenemes) Son of Sesostris I, co-ruler c1929-c1926; sole ruler c1926-c1894 BC.

Sesostris II (or Senusret II) c1894-c1878 BC.

Sesostris III (or Khakaure Senusret III Lakhares) Reformed government, built major public works and fought the neighboring Nubians.

Amenemhet III (or Nemaatre Amonemhat Lamaris) Son of Sesostris III, c1840-c1795 BC.

Amenemhet IV Ammenemes, c1795-c1786 BC.

Queen Sebek-Nefru Skemiophris. She probably co-ruled before 1786 BC.

Dynasty XIII (c1786-c1686 BC)

This dynasty marks the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. After Queen Sebek-Nefru the central government collapsed and the dynasty said to have had up to 60 kings ruled only in Thebes.

Dynasty XIV (c1686 BC)

This dynasty ruled only in the western delta.

Dynasty XV (c1674-c1567)

Dynasty founded by the Hyksos in the Nile delta. At the same time a successor to Dynasty XIII ruled in Thebes.

Dynasty XVI

A minor dynasty in the river delta contemporary with Dynasty XV.

Dynasty XVII (c1650-c1570 BC)

Seqenenre I, a descendent from Dynasty XIII.

Seqenenre II. Killed in battle with the Hyksos.

Seqenenre III

Kamose. Son of Seqenenre II.

Dynasty XVIII (c1570-1200 BC)

Ahmose (Amosis) c1570-1546 BC. Elder brother to Kamose. Expelled the Hyksos from the delta and reunited Egypt. Ahmose married his sister, thereby promoting the marriages within a degree of consanguinity once thought to be normal practice in royal Egypt. From this time the king often validated his claim to the throne by marrying the heiress.

Amenhotep I Amenophis. Son of Ahmose. 1546-1526 BC.

Thutmose I (or Thothmes I) 1526-1512 BC. A usurper, he married Ahmose's widow. As an outstanding general he extended Egyptian rule into Palestine.

Thutmose II (or Thothmes II Khebron) Son of Thutmose I. c1512-1504. 

Queen Hatshepsut Amensis. Widow of Thutmose II and regent for her stepson. Hatshepsut was a patron of the arts and religion.

Thutmose III (or Thothmes III Mephres) Stepson of Queen Hatshepsut and perhaps the greatest of the pharaohs. Through many wars he created an Egyptian empire encompassing a large portion of the Middle East.

Amenhotep II Amenophis. Son of Thutmose III, born 1470 BC. 1452-1425 BC.

Thutmose IV (or Thothmes IV) Son of Amenhotep II. 1425-1417 BC.

Amenhotep III Horos. Son of Thutmose IV born c1329 BC. 1417-1379 BC.

Akhenaton (also known as Amenhotep IV) Son of Amenhotep III. 1379-1362 BC.

Smenkhare Akenkheres. Son of Akhenaton. 1364-1361 BC.

Tutanhkamen (Tutankhaton Khebres). Son of Akhenaton. 1361-1352 BC.

Ay (Akherre) 1352-1348 BC. A priest who usurped the throne.

Horemheb Harmais. 1348-1320 BC. Restored law and order. Horemheb married Akhenaton's sister-in-law, thereby establishing his claim to the throne.

Dynasty XIX (1320-1200 BC)

Ramses I Menophres. 1320-1318 BC. Originally vizier to Horemheb who adopted him. 

Seti I (or Setekhy I Sethos) Son of Ramses I; 1320-1304 BC.

Ramses II. (Ramesses 'the Great') Son of Seti I; 1304-1237 BC. Fought the Hittites.

Merneptha Amenophath. 1236-1223 BC. Thirteenth son of Ramses II. Traditionally said to be the pharaoh of the Exodus of the Jews.

Amenmose 1222-1217 BC. A usurper.

Seti II Sethos. Son of Merneptha. 1216-1210 BC.

Siptah (or Ramses-Siptah Thouoris) 1209-1203 BC. A Syrian usurper who married Seti II's widow.

Queen Tausert. Widow of Seti II and Siptah. 1202-1200 BC.

Dynasty XX (1200-1085 BC)

Setnakht 1200-1198 BC.

Ramses III Hikon. Son of Setnakht. The last great pharaoh.  1198-1166 BC.

Ramses IV. Son of Ramses III. 1166-1160 BC.

Ramses V. 1160-1156 BC.

Ramses VI. Son of Ramses III. A weak ruler who lost the Asian provinces.

Ramses VII, 1148-1140 BC.

Ramses VIII, 1148-1140 BC.

Ramses IX, 1140-1121 BC.

Ramses X, 1121-1113 BC.

Ramses XI, 1113-1085 BC.

Dynasty XXI (1085-945 BC)

Throughout this dynasty the high priests at Thebes assumed kingship.

Smendes (or Nesubanebded) 1085-1075 BC.

Psibkhenno I (or Psusennes I) 1075-1055 BC.

Amenemope, c1055-1005 BC.

Psibkhenno II (or Psusennes II) c1005 BC.

Siamon, 945 BC.

Dynasty XXII (945-730 BC)

Sheshonk I. Leader of the Libyan Meshwesh who quickly adopted Egyptian ways.

Osorkon I, son of Sheshonk.

Takeloth I.

Sheshonk II.

Takeloth II.

Sheshonk III.

Pamay.

Sheshonk IV.

Pedubast.

Osorkon III. During his rule the Ethiopians invaded Egypt and he was forced to retire to the delta.

Takeloth III.

Piankhy. An Ethiopian usurper.

Dynasty XXIII

A minor dynasty at Thebes, dates unknown.

Dynasty XXIV (720-714 BC)

Bocchoris, 720-714 BC. Broke the Ethiopian power, and was burned alive by Shabaka of the next dynasty.

Dynasty XXV (716-667 BC)

Shabaka, 716-686 BC. Reestablished Ethiopian rule in Egypt

Piankhy II

Shebitku (or Shabataka), elder son of Shabaka.

Taharka, son of Shabaka; fled before an Assyrian invasion.

Tanutamon. Fled when the Assyrians sacked Thebes.

Dynasty XXVI (664-525 BC)

Psamtik I, an Assyrian noble declared himself pharaoh. He reunited Egypt and promoted trade with the Greeks.

Necho, son of Psamtik I.

Psamtik II.

Psamtik III.

Apries (or Hophra) Deposed because of his failed military campaigns.

Ahmose (or Amasis); an officer who deposed Apries became a successful king who maintained law and order and prevented the growing influence of the Greeks.

Psamtik IV, son of Ahmose. 526-525 BC. Committed suicide when the Persians invaded Egypt.

Dynasty XXVII (525-404 BC)

The Persians who invaded Egypt assumed the kingship and were also the rulers of Iran.

Cambyses, 525-521 BC.

Darius I, 521-486 BC.

Xerxes, 486-465 BC.

Inaros, 465-454 BC. A Libyan usurper crucified by the Persians.

Darius II, 454-404 BC.

Dynasty XXVIII (404-399 BC)

Amyrtaeus, 404-399. A Libyan who reigned in  Upper Egypt.

Dynasty XXIX (399-380 BC)

Achoris, 399-380 BC. Founded a state based in Mendes.

Nepherites, son of Achoris, 380 BC.

Dynasty XXX (380-343 BC)

Nectanebo I (or Nekhtnebef), 380-360 BC. A general who usurped the throne.

Tachos, son of Nectanebo I, 360-359 BC. Deposed.

Nectanebo II (or Nekhtharehbe), nephew of Tachos. 369-343 BC. the last of the native Egyptian pharaohs he usurped the throne in a popular uprising against Tacho's heavy taxation. He fled to Ethiopia when the Persians returned.

Dynasty XXXI

Artaxerxes (was also Artakhshathra III of the Iranians), 343-338 BC.

Khababasha, 338-335. A Nubian who founded a short-lived Egyptian state.

Darius III (was also Darayavash III, king of the Iranians)

In 333 BC Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, adding it to his empire. Following his early death Egypt was ruled by a satrap (governor) who declared himself king.

The Ptolemaic Dynasty (305-30 BC)

Ptolemy I Soter, the first ruler of this dynasty, was one of Alexander the Great's generals who proclaimed himself king of Egypt. He was an astute ruler who embellished the new capital of Alexandria where he founded the famous library. The last ruler of this dynasty was Ptolemy XVI Caesarion (the son of Julius Caesar and Queen Cleopatra) who was executed as a 17-year-old in 30 BC by Octavius, the later Roman Emperor Augustus.